Assessing the inhalation cancer risk of particulate matter bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the elderly in a retirement community of a mega city in North China

Assessment of the health risks resulting from exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is limited by the lack of environmental exposure data among different subpopulations. To assess the exposure cancer risk of particulate carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution for the elderly, this study conducted a personal exposure measurement campaign for particulate PAHs in a community of Tianjin, a city in northern China. Personal exposure samples were collected from the elderly in non-heating (August–September, 2009) and heating periods (November–December, 2009), and 12 PAHs individuals were analyzed for risk estimation. Questionnaire and time-activity log were also recorded for each person. The probabilistic risk assessment model was integrated with Toxic Equivalent Factors (TEFs). Considering that the estimation of the applied dose for a given air pollutant is dependent on the inhalation rate, the inhalation rate from both EPA exposure factor book was applied to calculate the carcinogenic risk in this study. Monte Carlo simulation was used as a probabilistic risk assessment model, and risk simulation results indicated that the inhalation-ILCR values for both male and female subjects followed a lognormal distribution with a mean of 4.81?×?10^?6 and 4.57?×?10^?6, respectively. Furthermore, the 95 % probability lung cancer risks were greater than the USEPA acceptable level of 10^?6 for both men and women through the inhalation route, revealing that exposure to PAHs posed an unacceptable potential cancer risk for the elderly in this study. As a result, some measures should be taken to reduce PAHs pollution and the exposure level to decrease the cancer risk for the general population, especially for the elderly.     

碱解+低温水热预处理改善剩余污泥中温厌氧消化性能工艺

以城市污水厂剩余活性污泥为对象,研究在不同碱解药剂和剂量以及不同水热预处理温度和水热时间下"碱解+低温水热预处理"的破胞效果。通过对预处理泥样进行中温((35±1)℃)厌氧消化生物化学甲烷势(biochemical methane potential,BMP)实验来评价该预处理工艺对中温厌氧消化性能的影响。实验结果表明,SCOD的溶出效果及VSS的减量化程度随着加碱剂量、水热温度的增加而呈现先升高后略有下降的趋势,且在碱解条件为0.05 g NaOH/g TS和水热条件为70℃、9 h时的预处理条件下破胞效果最为显著;在该预处理条件下,SCOD的溶出率可达52.3%,VSS的降解率达到33.3%。BMP实验结果显示,在最佳预处理条件下,与对照组相比,TCOD去除率提高了77.1%,甲烷产气量是对照组的2.7倍,甲烷产气率可达354 mL CH4/g VS。     

复合纳米材料对土壤重金属离子吸持固化的模拟研究

土壤中过量重金属离子可通过食物链和地表水系统危害人群健康。通过土柱淋溶模拟实验,研究了SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3等复合纳米材料对土壤溶液中Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Ni2+的吸持与固化特征。分别向重金属含量4倍于土壤二级标准(GB15618-1995)的土壤中添加0%、4%、6%和10%的复合纳米材料,分析不同深度土壤渗滤液以及土柱上栽培植物不同部位中重金属的含量。结果表明,碱性壤质土壤中重金属向下的迁移量很少;在含4%复合纳米材料土柱中,其吸持固化土壤溶液中63%的Cu、79%的Cd、68%的Pb、89%的Zn和76%的Ni;在含6%复合纳米材料土柱中,其吸持固化土壤溶液中82%的Cu、92%的Cd、76%的Pb、91%的Zn和88%的Ni;再增加土柱中复合纳米材料的含量,其吸持固化效果并不再显著增加。     

污染水体中河蚬的生物毒性响应研究进展

河蚬作为广泛分布于世界各国的典型底栖生物,由于其活动性低、滤食性等特征被广泛用作指示生物研究多种水体污染物的生物有效性。但迄今为止,尚没有系统论述污染水体中河蚬生物毒性响应的研究进展。为此,本文从污染物种类、测试指标、试验参数等角度探讨了过去30多年间河蚬在氨、重金属、有机污染物生物富集及生物毒性效应等方面的研究过程及主要成果。以往研究主要以河蚬生物体内累积、形态学及行为学观察、生化指标、代谢组学、基因完整性等指标表征污染水体的生物毒性效应,并随着分子生物学的发展已逐步由多指标全面表征代替单一指标测试。此外,现有研究多偏重于重金属和持久性有机污染物,对氨、新型污染物及纳米材料的河蚬生物毒性效应探讨尚处于起步阶段。河蚬在自然水体污染状况评估、污染水体的生物修复、水体毒性预测等方面具有较高适用性,但河蚬在沉积物毒性鉴定评估(TIE,Toxicity Identification and Evaluation)中的应用研究依然较为缺乏,有待进一步开展。     

PCB 77 dechlorination products modulate pro-inflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells

Persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are associated with detrimental health outcomes including cardiovascular diseases. Remediation of these compounds is a critical component of environmental policy. Although remediation efforts aim to completely remove toxicants, little is known about the effects of potential remediation byproducts. We previously published that Fe/Pd nanoparticles effectively dechlorinate PCB 77 to biphenyl, thus eliminating PCB-induced endothelial dysfunction using primary vascular endothelial cells. Herein, we analyzed the toxic effects of PCB congener mixtures (representative mixtures of commercial PCBs based on previous dechlorination data) produced at multiple time points during the dechlorination of PCB 77 to biphenyl. Compared with pure PCB 77, exposing endothelial cells to lower chlorinated PCB byproducts led to improved cellular viability, decreased superoxide production, and decreased nuclear factor kappa B activation based on duration of remediation. Presence of the parent compound, PCB 77, led to significant increases in mRNA and protein inflammatory marker expression. These data implicate that PCB dechlorination reduces biological toxicity to vascular endothelial cells.     

城市污水再生氯消毒过程中HAAs生成及迁移转化

针对城市污水再生处理工艺中卤乙酸类(HAAs)消毒副产物和卤乙酸生成潜能(HAAFP),结合三维荧光光谱,分析HAAs及其前体物的变化规律。结果表明,二级出水经2次加氯过程后,再生出水中的总卤乙酸浓度增加了90%,其中溴代乙酸的增幅最大,占增加量的82%。卤乙酸生成潜能较大的为氯代乙酸类物质,说明水中存在大量的氯代乙酸前体物。从工艺过程来看,总卤乙酸生成潜能与总有机物荧光强度分别下降了32%和28%,表明该再生处理工艺对HAAs前体物有一定的去除作用。     

烧结烟气氨-Fe(Ⅱ)NTA法同时脱硫脱硝

研究了烧结烟气氨-络合法同时脱硫脱硝。实验结果表明,氨-络合法可以实现烧结烟气同时脱硫脱硝,脱硫脱硝效率最高可达99%和40%。最佳运行条件为:Fe(NTA)浓度为0.075 mol/L,p H为5~6,停留时间为1.24 s(350 L/h的烟气流量)及55℃运行温度。     

鸡蛋壳废料对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特征与机理

利用鸡蛋壳废料对水中的Cr(Ⅵ)进行吸附处理,研究溶液p H、振荡时间、投加量和温度对鸡蛋壳废料吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的特征和吸附机理。结果表明,在含有1 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的100 m L吸附体系中,鸡蛋壳废料可在30 min内完成吸附过程。溶液p H=2.5时,吸附量最大。鸡蛋壳投加量为1.0 g时,平衡吸附容量为0.0917 mg/g。利用鸡蛋壳去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳工艺参数为振荡时间30 min,初始p H为3.0,投加量2.0 g,体系温度35℃。鸡蛋壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程用Langmiur和Freundlich方程能较好拟合,其中理论饱和吸附量在20℃、30℃和40℃时分别为0.1944、0.2034和0.2096 mg/g。吸附的焓变为8.76×10-3k J/mol,熵变为-45.96 J/(mol·K),吉布斯自由能变均为正值,变化范围是4.357~9.693 k J/mol。鸡蛋壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程主要为物理性的单分子层和多分子层吸附。     

TiO2光催化氧化脱除模拟烟气中的NOx

采用P25纳米TiO2为催化剂,对NOx浓度360 mg/m3的模拟烟气进行了光催化氧化实验研究,以期为此种方法在电厂烟气脱硝方面的应用提供依据.经SEM、XRD等表征手段,探讨了催化剂晶型尺寸对光催化的作用.实验考察了光催化反应过程规律以及负载量、光照度、NO初始浓度、O2含量、相对湿度和停留时间对光催化氧化效率的影响.结果表明,光催化反应是瞬态到稳态的过程,其催化效率与上述影响因子有密切关系.实验最优条件下NOx的脱除率为46％,但只需适当提高氧化效能,便能达到理想的效果.